Various Ethical Considerations in Education Essay

Various Ethical Considerations in Education - Essay Example There are certainly ethical issues that education stakeholders need to keep in mind and ponder over time so that they will be able to assess the impact of education on the society. Ethical issues in education encompass issues like teacher evaluation, value education, sex education and random drug tests. This paper analyses various ethical considerations in education, and how these considerations are important to the success of education. Education is an ongoing process in our lives. As we grow older, we receive new education and we keep passing the education that we have to others. Ethical considerations are expected to streamline the operation and success of education in people’s lives. These considerations are also aimed at regulating the distribution and exchange of education. These ethical considerations apply to both the receivers and givers of education, education institutes, management bodies, parents or even guardians of students. In many instances, educators and other stakeholders in education will be faced with decisions that are normally not in tandem with the organization’s policies and values. This is referred to as an ethical dilemma, and in these circumstances, one would be forced to make a decision that does not contravene the values of the organization. There are many ethical issues in education, and in all these issues, educators ought to be guided by appropriate and noteworthy decision-making strategies. The educator needs to evaluate various issues affecting an organization, and from this, he may be able to address all challenges facing the organization. The first step in addressing ethical issues in education is an acknowledgment of ethical issues and dilemmas. After this, the nature of the conflict needs to be clarified by the educators. Then, educators need to identify the involved processes in the conflict.  

Legislations Essay Example for Free

Legislations Essay This is to find out if there are any educational needs. * Code of practice for the identification and assessment of children with special educational needs (1994 revised 2001) – Designed to help make efficient decisions for children with educational needs. * Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations (RIDDOR) (1995) By law certain incidents/accidents have to be reported to the appropriate people. * Food safety amp; general food hygiene regulation (1995) – Knowledge of basic hygiene within food preparation and daily chores. Family law act (1996) – ensures the safety and best interest of the child. * Disability discrimination act (1995) – Ensures that the rights of those with disabilities. * Code of practice for first aid (1997) – Standard practice for trained first aiders. * Protection of children act (1998) – Anyone who works with children is required to undertake a crb check. This is to ensure the safety of children. * Children act (2004) – Ensures the development of children in their own home and of the carer. It identifies 5 outcomes, Staying safe, Being healthy, Enjoying and achieving, Making a positive contribution, Achieving economic well being. * Safeguarding the welfare of children (2013) – To protect children from abuse of neglect to ensure they can grow and achieve. Name: Kelly Rogers Centre Number: 1201. 000 Cache Pin: Cypop5 Understand how to set up a home based childcare setting Task 1 Produce an information sheet which outlines the following; Current legislation for home based childcare The role of the regulatory bodies * Equality act (2010) – This act was brought in to protect against discrimination. It is used to set out different ways in which you cannot treat another. * The convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC) (1989) – This legislation gives children over 40 major rights namely that their opinion or thoughts matter and they have the right to be included in or can make certain decisions. Name: Kelly Rogers Centre number: 1201. 000 Cache Pin: Cypop5 Understand how to set up a home based childcare setting. Task 1 produce an information sheet which outlines the following; Current legislation for home based childcare The role of the regulatory bodies The role of the regulatory body is to ensure that all children receive the best possible care when that child is in any other setting other than their own home. All childcare providers are required to register with the regulatory body, in England this is Ofsted. Any complaints or concerns can be made to Ofsted and if they feel it is necessary they will investigate and if needs be they will take action against any individual if the needs of the child is not being met. There are 2 different registers that childminders can register on 1 – the early years register 2 – the child care register. The early years register will require a visit from ofsted to assess your suitability as a childminder and that you are able to deliver all requirements of the early years foundation. They will determine how you will be able to help the child make progress with their learning and development. Ofsted will also assess how you will meet safeguarding and welfare requirements. Ofsted will also regulate numbers for the early years register to ensure that every childs needs are met. For the childcare register ofsted will not usually visit unless there is reason to do so. The childcare register is for those who care for more than 1 child following their 5th birthday.

Cyber Bullying Essay -- Technology, Real Perpetrators, Cyberbullying

Going to a new school in Massachusetts, all the way from Ireland, Phoebe Prince is ready to start a new life and make new friends. Not everything always workes out in her favor, though. As soon as Prince starts dating the star football player, the threats start flowing in. The constant torments at school leave her lonely and depressed, and when she got home, it never stopped. She was getting never ending text messages and the torments didn’t stop there. Phoebe was constantly getting harassed through social networking sites, such as Facebook. High school is supposed to be the time of her life, but she is only able to live one year of it because she takes her own life relentlessly. Cyber bullying is a problem that affects almost half of American teens (NCPC 1). Adult authorities should enact strict rules to protect vulnerable children from suffering the effects of the modern threat of cyber bullying. Although technology makes it difficult to identify the real perpetrator, the expansion of technology throughout the years has recently made cyber bullying a more prominent factor. From Myspace to Facebook to Formspring to Twitter, cyber bullying makes its way over the entire internet, and will not stop for anything. The rise of networking sites, personal Web pages and blogs brimming with the minutiae of teens antics and angst has helped to create a rich climate for cyber mayhem: Locker-room photos snapped with cell phones and broadcast on the Internet, fake profiles created on social-networking sites, salacious rumors spread in chat rooms, threats zapped across town in instant messages (Billitteri 4). They warn that young people on these sites are more likely to be the victims of cyber bullying and that they are also vulnerable to pr... ...y, has a very strict Internet usage policy with certain sites, like Myspace, blocked so students cannot access them (Cyber Bullying 3). Cyber bullying causes destruction to not only the victim’s life, but the loved ones of the victim as well. With the modern day technology that increases every day, cyber bullying will keep growing without the strict anti-bullying laws that need to be enforced not only in select states, but in all. Schools need to be more open-eyed to what children are doing during school hours and being strict that their acts don’t follow them home. Parents need to teach their children better habits and respectful manners so that when they are confronted with others, it is less likely they will be a bully to them. With all these minor improvements that can be made, cyber bullying can be diminished very easily if everyone helps out every day.

Solution of Cross Cultural Project Management

Successful Strategies for Global Projects By Alicia Trelles-Duckett on August 23, 2012 7  2  0 No doubt installations in other geographies come with their own inherent set of challenges. Currency fluctuations; centralized versus local procurement; languages; time zones. And those are even before considering difficulties due to the particular technology being deployed, or the source of spare parts, or infrastructure in the country. This discussion aims to introduce a technique which can help you increase the acceptance of your initiative in other geographies, as well as resolve any disagreements quickly and with much improved team spirit.No, it is not the traditional Project Management methodology: I will not start extolling here the virtues of the â€Å"Project Charter†. The magic ingredient in international projects, as I have discovered throughout 18 years of successfully deploying such, is treating our colleagues from other countries in a manner which puts them at ease. Notice that this recommendation goes well past the tired old adage: â€Å"Treat those from other countries with sensitivity†. That much is obvious, and we would certainly try to conduct ourselves thus.The recommendation is to approach colleagues from another geography with a demeanor they would find in their own country. In other words, if you are dealing with Brazilians, try to ‘act Brazilian’ as you collaborate with them; if you are working with a Finn, try to ‘act Finnish’. So how do we develop a good picture of what ‘acting Australian’ or ‘acting Japanese’ might entail? Fortunately, there’s excellent research on intercultural cooperation we can consult. Fons Trompenaars’ Riding the Waves of Culture, or Nancy Adler’s International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior are some of the best books on the intercultural topic.My personal favourite in the â€Å"intercultural† arena, as relevant toda y as when its first edition was published in the UK in 1991, is Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind by Dr. Geert Hofstede. The ground-breaking contribution of Dr. Hofstede’s research is that, through thousands of surveys of IBM professionals in dozens of countries, he is able to arrive at a numerical value for certain elements or â€Å"dimensions† which make up Culture. So for example, we learn that Malaysia, on average, has the highest score (104) for â€Å"Power Distance†, meaning that as a group they are uite comfortable accepting power inequalities in society. At the other extreme, Great Britain and Canada have low scores (35 and 39 respectively), which translate into a â€Å"limited dependence of subordinates on their bosses†. In other words, British and Canadian employees (as a group) are not afraid to approach their bosses or disagree with them. Another useful discussion centers around the topic of â€Å"collectivistic† cultures (where the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual) compared to â€Å"individualistic† cultures (in which the interests of the individual prevail).It comes as no surprise that the country with the highest individualism score is the USA (91), closely followed by Australia (90). At the other extreme, the countries with the lowest individualism scores are Ecuador (8) and Guatemala (6). Personally, I have leveraged his findings to arrive at the following communication paradigms, in order to make my counterparts in other geographies more at ease as we negotiate and coordinate project milestones. It has proven a huge advantage, as the largest difficulties in technology projects are not about the technology. They are about people.With colleagues from Latin America (Venezuela, Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia) and certain Asian countries (Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) with large acceptance of power, †¢ Stress clear definitions: what constit utes in-scope vs. out-of-scope †¢ Stress the benefit to the whole project/company †¢ Stress checkpoints for scope verification †¢ Lively exchange, having fun, yet sticking to the rules With collegaues from Northern/Western Europe/Australia/New Zealand, which exhibit large individualism, †¢ Have all the facts, be decisive †¢ Recognize the contribution of these colleagues †¢ Relaxed approach, not stressing hierarchy Sell/negotiate work deliverables †¢ Stress value of the project to their particular unit How would you know a country’s â€Å"Individualism (IDV)† or â€Å"Power Distance† (PDI) scores? The best source would be Dr. Hofstede’s book. Alternatively, ITIM International has kindly published the scores in the website http://www. geert-hofstede. com/ I hope you find these recommendations useful and that they make you successful in your next international project. —————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ For more resources, see the Library topic Projec http://managementhelp. org/blogs/project-management/2012/08/23/successful-strategies-for-global-projects/

Self Assessment

Whether it Is in regards to family, friends or co-workers we constantly do self assessments. Self-assessment Is defined as a process through which Individuals gain knowledge about themselves. This includes information about their likes and dislikes as well as their reactions to specific situations. By knowing more about themselves, individuals can be able to determine the work situations and occupations that are most appropriate for them. There are several lessons that can be learnt from self-assessment in relation to individual decision making.This research paper will examine reveal the lesions learned from self assessment. We will observe of the Influence of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) as a guiding force In setting ethical standards in the healthcare industry. This will lead us to discuss how our individual ethics influence our decision making. Lastly, a formulated strategy on enhancing future decision-making will be explained. Self-assessments of an indivi dual's abilities have proved to play a fundamental role in career-based decision making. Self-assessments also serve as a deep-seated Information source which provides a basis for decision-making.A good example Is the Jungian Personality Self-Assessment which was developed from the theories of personality types by Carl Jung (Sedgwick, 2008). This type of self-assessment was initially created with the aim of helping women in the course of the Second World War in order to give them a chance to enter the workforce. There was a marked success in the Jungian Personality Self- Assessment which was eventually published in the year 1962 (Junker, 2005). Self- assessments enable participants to have knowledge of their personality types.This In turn helps Individuals to determine whether they cult in specific relationships, Jobs, learning styles, educational pursuits and means of personal growth. The Western Nevada College noted that self-assessments are not used to define an individual but th ey enable people to figure out various types of personalities and their implications. Individuals with different personality types naturally pursue varying perspectives, interest, motivations and behaviors. Awareness of personality types enables people o comprehend and value other people who act and think differently.Hence, awareness about one's personality type Is the most crucial step towards Individual decision making process (Junker, 2005). In knowing one's personality it can shape one's views on ethical decision making, especially in the realm of healthcare management. Healthcare managers often face situations that are ethically complex for instance, determination of accountability for medical errors. Healthcare associations and I organizations strive to ensure dignity, maintain ethical standards ND ensure superior-quality of care within the profession of medicine.However, It can be extremely challenging to uphold the aforementioned standards in practice due to the complex natu re of situations confronting healthcare managers (Morrison, 2009). The American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) Code of ethics is maintained by the organization. The code of ethics is responsible for setting standards of ethical behavior pertaining to healthcare professions In their association with patients. ACHE standards give a gulled as to how health care professionals need to perform tenet professional activities.According to ACHE cook AT ethics, healthcare professionals should practice with integrity, honesty, fairness, respect and good faith (Morrison, 2009). ACHE standards play a fundamental role of promoting managerial ethics within the healthcare profession, which is the key to ethical decision-making. According to a report by an American Medical Association, placing more structures on ethical-decision making helps in improving managerial ethics within the healthcare profession. Hence, ACHE standards enhance the focus on goals and structures within the healthcare o rganization.Consequently, this ensures increased ethical accountability on the healthcare professionals resulting in enhanced ethical decision making process (Morrison, 2009). Hence, it clear that the ACHE standards provide a comprehensive ethical direction for health service professionals. Despite the beneficial effects of the standards, a thorough analysis of the ACHE code was done. It points out the fact that it fails to sufficiently address various ethical issues pertaining to managed care. This forces us to probe our personal ethics at a deeper level.Individual ethics refer to the ability to differentiate hat is right from what is wrong. This may entail personal values, norms and beliefs. The influence of individual beliefs and values as well as the values of the coworkers has a great impact on an individual's decision making (Farrell, Frederica and Farrell, 2006). While some organizations encourage their employees to come up with ethical choices, other organizations lead to pr omotion of immoral conduct within their employees. There is an assumption that many people make choices which are grounded on their personal values and beliefs.According to social scientists, there re various factors that influence ethical decision making, and individual factors are among the significant factors to consider. One of the great challenges encountered in relation to organizational ethics is that of individual ethical values. Individual factors are essential in the resolution of ethical issues of concern. Disputes between coworkers usually emerge in an organization or workplace, and decisions made in order to resolve the conflicts are based on the conflicting parties moral philosophies and beliefs.The importance of ethical issues reflects the feelings of an individual once initiating the process of ethical decision making (Farrell, et al. , 2006). It is therefore clear that an individual's beliefs and values play a crucial role in ethical decision making. However, it is noteworthy that individuals decisions are dependent on an organization's ethical climate, culture and pressure from supervisors and coworkers. Every organization has its own ethical climate that has a significant impact on its employees' decision making process (Farrell, et al. , 2006). -But a focus should be placed on enhancing future decisions.Many important outcomes of families, individuals, societies, organizations and governments are shaped by the various decisions made. It is therefore essential to formulate appropriate strategies to improve decision making in the future. Due to the massive costs that may be caused by illogical and unsound decision making, it is vital to lay great emphasis and effort in coming up with strategies that can improve the act of decision making (Feldman, 2002). One effective strategy that can be used to improve decision making is optimizing. Through optimizing, an individual is able to choose the best possible answer to a given issue.It is first of all essential to determine a list of alternatives from which one can be able to choose the most suitable solution or alternative to adopt I en timorousness AT optimizing strategy apneas AT ten cost Involved Walt alternative solutions, importance of the problem, individual values, time availability and availability of knowledge and resources (Feldman, 2002). Organizations can employ a motivation strategy in order to improve decision making process in the future. Through motivation, people can gain self-confidence and get to believe in homeless.One of the important aspects to making logical decisions is having a belief in oneself. People who are confident have a high probability of making appropriate decisions. Hence, it is essential for organizations to have influential leaders who have the ability to motivate the employees they manage (Feldman, 2002). At some point in our life we, voluntary or involuntary, take a self-assessment. It is from this that we learn who we truly are. A met hod such as the Jungian Personality Self-Assessment introduced by Carl Jung is an excellent assessment to probe who we really are.It could be argued that a fine line exists between knowing who you are and the ethics that guide us. For those individuals in healthcare, when walking that fine line having the code of ethics as put forth by the ACHE to guide ones decision-making aids to reduce to intervention of personal feelings when professional decisions are made. To ensure this, imploring the process of optimization to arrive at the best conclusion has yielded successful results. The ability to separate personal from professional is very important and self-assessments can aid in that procedure. References Feldman, D. A. (2002). Self assessment

Learn About the Associative Property in Math

Learn About the Associative Property in Math According to the associative property, the addition or multiplication of a set of numbers is the same regardless of how the numbers are grouped. The associative property will involve 3 or more numbers. The parenthesis indicates the terms that are considered one unit. The groupings (Associative Property) are within the parenthesis. Hence, the numbers are associated together. In multiplication, the product is always the same regardless of their grouping. The Associative Property is pretty basic to computational strategies. Remember, the groupings in the brackets are always done first, this is part of the order of operations. Addition Example of the Associative Property When we change the groupings of addends, the sum does not change:(2 5) 4 11 or 2 (5 4) 11(9 3) 4 16 or 9 (3 4) 16Just remember that when the grouping of addends changes, the sum remains the same. Multiplication Example of the Associative Property When we change the groupings of factors, the product does not change:(3 x 2) x 4 24 or 3 x (2 x 4) 24.Just remember that when the grouping of factors changes, the product remains the same. Think Grouping! Changing the grouping of addends does not change the sum, changing the groupings of factors, does not change the product. Simply put, regardless of whether you show 3 x 4 or 4 x 3, the final result is the same. In addition, 4 3 or 3 4, you know that the outcome is the same, the answer remains the same. However, this is NOT the case in subtraction or division so when you think of the associative property, remember that the final result or answer remains the same or its not the associative property. The understanding of the concept of associative property is much more important that the actual term associative property. Titles often confuse students and youll discover that youll ask what the associative property is, only to be returned with a blank look. However, if you say to a child something like If I change the numbers in my addition sentence, does it matter? In other words, can I say 5 3 and 3 5, will the child that understands say yes because its the same? When you ask if you can do this with subtraction, theyll laugh or tell you that you cant do that. So in essence, a child knows about the associative property which is really all that matters even though you may stump them when you ask for a definition of the associative property. Do I care that the definition escapes them? Not at all, if they indeed know the concept. Lets not trip our students up with labels and definitions when concept understanding is the key ingredient in math.

Proportions Problems Worksheet - Practical Questions

Proportions Problems Worksheet - Practical Questions A proportion is a set of 2 fractions that equal each other. This article focuses on how to use proportions to solve real life problems. Real World Uses of Proportions Modifying a budget for a restaurant chain that is expanding from 3 locations to 20 locationsCreating a skyscraper from blueprintsCalculating tips, commissions, and sales tax Modifying a Recipe On Monday, you are cooking enough white rice to serve exactly 3 people. The recipe calls for 2 cups of water and 1 cup of dry rice. On Sunday, you are going to serve rice to 12 people. How would the recipe change? If you’ve ever made rice, you know that this ratio - 1 part dry rice and 2 parts water  - is important. Mess it up, and you’ll be scooping a gummy, hot mess on top of your guests crawfish à ©touffà ©e. Because you are quadrupling your guest list (3 people * 4 12 people), you must quadruple your recipe. Cook 8 cups of water and 4 cups of dry rice. These shifts in a recipe demonstrate the heart of proportions: use a ratio to accommodate lifes greater and smaller changes. Algebra and Proportions 1 Sure, with the right numbers, you can forgo setting up an algebraic equation to determine the amounts of dry rice and water. What happens when the numbers are not so friendly? On Thanksgiving, youll be serving rice to 25 people. How much water   do you need?Because the ratio of 2 parts water and 1 part dry rice applies to cooking 25 servings of rice, use a proportion to determine the quantity of ingredients. Note: Translating a word problem into an equation is super important. Yes, you can solve an incorrectly set up equation and find an answer. You can also mix rice and water together to create food to serve at Thanksgiving. Whether the answer or food is palatable depends on the equation. Think about what you know: 3 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water; 1 cup of dry rice25 servings of cooked rice ? cups of water; ? cup of dry rice3 servings of cooked rice/25 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water/x cups of water3/25 2/x Cross multiply. Hint: Write these fractions vertically to get the full understanding of cross multiplying. To cross multiply, take the first fractions numerator and multiply it by the second fractions denominator. Then take the second fractions numerator and multiply it by the first fractions denominator.3 * x 2 * 253x 50Divide both sides of the equation by 3 to solve for x.3x/3 50/3x 16.6667 cups of waterFreeze- verify that the answer is correct.Is 3/25 2/16.6667?3/25 .122/16.6667 .12Whoo hoo! The first proportion is right.   Algebra and Proportions 2 Remember that x will not always be in the numerator. Sometimes the variable is in the denominator, but the process is the same. Solve the following for x. 36/x 108/12 Cross multiply:36 * 12 108 * x432 108xDivide both sides by 108 to solve for x.432/108 108x/1084 xCheck and make sure the answer is right. Remember, a proportion is defined as 2 equivalent fractions:Does 36/4 108/12?36/4 9108/12 9It’s right! Practice Exercises Instructions: For each exercise, set up a proportion and solve. Check each answer.1. Damian is making brownies to serve at the family picnic. If the recipe calls for 2  ½ cups of cocoa to serve 4 people, how many cups will he need if there will be 60 people at the picnic? 2. A piglet can gain 3 pounds in 36 hours. If this rate continues, the pig will reach 18 pounds in _________ hours. 3. Denise’s rabbit can eat 70 pounds of food in 80 days. How long will it take the rabbit to eat 87.5 pounds? 4. Jessica drives 130 miles every two hours. If this rate continues, how long will it take her to drive 1,000 miles?

Chemistry Major College Courses

Chemistry Major College Courses Are you interested in studying chemistry in college? Here is a look at the courses you can expect to take if you have a chemistry major. The specific courses you take will depend on which school you attend, but in general you can expect a heavy emphasis on chemistry and math. Almost all of the chemistry courses include a lab component, too. General ChemistryOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryBiochemistryAnalytical ChemistryPhysical ChemistryPhysicsBiologyCalculusProbabilityStatistics Computer Science Sequence of Courses Some of the required classes can be taken whenever you can fit them into your schedule, such as probability, statistics, and computer science. Others have prerequisites. What this means is that you have to take one or more other classes before youll be allowed to enroll. If possible, a chemistry major should try to take general chemistry as a freshman. The course is typically broken up into two parts and takes an entire academic year to complete. Taking it early helps a student determine whether chemistry is truly what they want to pursue and it opens the opportunity to take organic chemistry. Organic chemistry also requires an entire academic year to complete at most institutions. It is a prerequisite for biochemistry and other interdisciplinary courses. In other words, a student usually needs three years to get through the general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry sequence. If youre a chemistry major and you wait until your junior (third) year to take general chemistry, you cant graduate in less than four and a half years! In addition to organic chemistry, general biology is a prerequisite for biochemistry. General biology lasts an entire academic year. A student should be careful when registering for general biology to make certain its the correct class. Many schools offer a watered down version of general biology for non-science majors that may count for college credit, but wont satisfy the requirements for a major or to take higher level biology or chemistry courses. Physics and sometimes calculus are required to take physical chemistry. Because physics is often taken in the second or third year, its normal for physical chemistry to be one of the last major courses a chemistry major takes. Inorganic chemistry always requires general chemistry. Some schools tack on additional requirements. Like physical chemistry, its typically taken later in a students academic career.

The Irish Potato Famine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Irish Potato Famine - Essay Example Let us try to overview the historical context which preceded The Irish Potato Famine, and on ground of this try to find out what principle factors provoked the famine. The Irish Potato Famine is the name of a famine that took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1849, but immediate effects of which were felt until 1851. If we refer to dry statistics, then we may learn that the total number of people who died from this famine is unclear because there were no exact historical records. However, according to different estimates it is supposed that the general number of victims that can be directly and indirectly attributed to the famine ranges from 500,000 to more than one million (Lyons, 1985, p.14). Aside from the enormous death toll, there were many other social and economic consequences of the famine. Among such consequences were several million Irish refugees who during and after the famine emigrated to Britain, America, Canada, and Australia (Scally, 1996, p.167). Also, as we shall see, the effects of the famine on Irish culture and economy were so great that it significantly changed them. At this point we may begin to wonder whether the very fact that such a profound historical event as the Irish Potato Famine took place can be explained purely by natural causes, or maybe there was an involvement of social, economic, and political factors which contributed to the famine To see if this was the case, let us firstly overview political and economic environment in which the famine happened, and then consider demographic and agricultural aspects relevant to the famine. Speaking of the political context of the famine, we of course must mention relations between Ireland and Great Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since the Act of Union of 1800 Ireland was to be formally represented by one hundred members in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, which was merely a one-fifth proportion of representation of Great Britain. Moreover, in addition to the low level of Irish representation in the parliament of Britain the needs of Ireland were given a low priority. It was not surprising as most of the members of government had never even been in Ireland themselves. To better feel the situation of that time, we should add that the British dominance was as well fortified by the unification of the churches of Ireland and England, with the ensuing leadership in Ireland of the Anglicans and exclusion of Roman Catholics and Presbyterians from membership in governmental bodies. Only by 1829 was political equality restored in Ireland in certain s pheres. This included the possibility to participate in free trade between the British Isles, and admission of Irish merchandise to colonies of Britain on equal terms with British goods (Otuathaigh, 1972). Now, on ground of the mentioned signs of oppression of Ireland it was suggested by some historians that the Irish Potato Famine was in fact a genocide initiated by the British against Ireland. However, this accusation is dismissed by most scholars as too radical, and instead it is thought that the policies of Britain during the famine can rather be blamed as fallacious, ignorant, and fatal, and that as a significant reduction of population of Ireland was deemed desirable by many British politicians they might just had decided not to intervene in the natural course

Personal and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Professional engineering qualifications at various levels are discussed below: Vocational A-Levels and Scottish Highers; SQA Higher National Certificate: These are courses for 1 or 2 years full time. These courses can be regarded as foundation qualifications for the engineering technicians and can be utilised to get admission in undergraduate studies. BTEC/Edexcel/SQA Higher National Diploma (HND): These are generally 2 years course, full time. The HND is well respected qualification and can help the student to upgrade as an Incorporated Engineer (IEng). By obtaining better marks, one can also get transferred into the 2nd or 3rd year of an undergraduate degree programme. Degree Courses: These courses include BEng (Hons) (Bachelor of Engineering) or MEng (Master of Engineering). A BEng (Hons) would generally take 3 to 4 years full time to complete. An accredited professional Bachelor’s degree would fulfil the educational requirements for registration at the level of Incorporate d Engineer (IEng). This sort of degrees as per the specifications of the Engineering Council must last at least 3 years full time. The MEng can be regarded as an integrated form of Master’s degree. It is a higher qualification than BEng (Hons). It takes 4 to 5 years full time to complete. An accredited professional MEng would fulfil the academic requirements for the Chartered Engineer (CEng) qualification. This level of engineering qualification is the best in the educational world of UK and is highly respected all across the industries. An accredited professional BEng (Hons) degree together with a suitable Master’s degree or appropriate extended learning to the Master’s level would also meet the educational requirements.... This paper stresses that the professional titles which are awarded by the Engineering Council are well protected by the law. Registration in Engineering Council by different engineers and technicians is voluntary. This report makes a conclusion that engineering is a challenging profession in the modern work environment. Globalisation requires the engineers to be competent and skilled at the global standards. United Kingdom needs a powerful army of engineers and technicians to combat recession and obtain economic growth. Therefore, the routes to personal professional accreditation in engineering are not easy. The authortThe candidates have to be sufficiently skilled, competent and up to the minute to become a professionally qualified engineer as per the UK standards. No doubt that pursuing a degree course like BEng or MEng is the best way to obtain in depth knowledge in the field and become a professionally qualified engineer. BEng and MEng programmes in civil and structural engineering provided by the UK universities cater to the global standards in this context. Else, if a student cannot pursue a university program for some reason, he can appear in the examinations conducted by the Engineerin g Council and progress through the Level 5, Level 6 and Level 7 qualifications in a step by step manner. An engineer must possess numerical ability, analytical skill, creativity, and most importantly, engineering aptitude to obtain the different engineering qualifications discussed so far and excel in the engineering field. An engineering qualification can serve as both a basic qualification and a specialised qualification, and thus it can open up several prospects.

Comparison of PICASSO, Gertrude Stein and GAUGUIN, Two Tahitian Women Term Paper

Comparison of PICASSO, Gertrude Stein and GAUGUIN, Two Tahitian Women - Term Paper Example The work of Gauguin involves the use of several elements in painting that are similar to other post-impressionists. In Two Tahitian Women, Gauguin uses simplified colors and solid form to come up with the painting. Building from flat objects lacking traditional notions of perspective, Gauguin presents his ideas perfectly in the painting. The use of a white table cloth pushed directly to the foreground of the picture creates the still-life concept developed by Gauguin. The painting uses soft golden hues in the treatment of light with the focus being on primitivism and uses nude picture. (Eaves 89) The question asked by the observer is whether the approach of Gauguin is to present evil or immorality to the children. In fact, the challenge is with the views especially with the treatment of breast in the picture. The presentation of seminude women in the painting is a source of concern for the society.  Analysis of the work of Gauguin However, the artistic impression presente d is superb because it combines all the elements of painting to form a striking picture. The picture is not a deliberate attempt towards eroticism because the soft shadows on the woman’s breast contribute to their beauty, by capturing all sense of femininity using the light aesthetically. The reproduction of the paintings has added the use of the terms mango blossoms which is not on the original painting. The use of light in the picture is excellent because it brings out the integral elements in the picture, which is femininity and emotional attraction. The work by Gauguin presents his personal opinion and idea about feminism and the role of women in the society (Barnet 63). The artistic presentation of semi-nude women brings out the focus of the artist in the society. It involves personal opinion, but the postmodernism presents the various ideas as a social issue that affected most of the artist. Post-impressionism in the artistic presentation of the 1900s is by the envir onment of the artists. Gauguin developed his own style by using vivid and bold colors, which does not show a naturalistic bias. He does not use a visible outlining in the painting but emphasizes the shapes of nature without basic outline.  The forms presented are more decorative and separate forms rather than presenting the idea as a cohesive and natural landscape. His synthetic style is not evident, but there are particular features associated with synthetic style. It is that the change in style may be a product of influence from his friend Emile Bernard especially his painting of Breton women (Eaves 124). The influence of other artists on the work of Gauguin is evident in the artwork done during their friendship. For example, the Old Women at Arles unites the influence of Bernard and Van Gogh illustrating the similarity in style between the two artists.  Analysis of the paintings of Picasso The work of Picasso is different from Gauguin because Picasso focused his work ed on the social issues. Picasso’s most common work was Guernica, which is a powerful political statement. The work of Picasso focused on his emotions in relation to events in the society. Picasso was against attack by Spain on the civilian. The invasion spearheaded the work of Picasso who devoted himself in using art to denounce the evils of the intentional military intrusion and attack on civilians. The work of art by Picasso

Information systems management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information systems management - Assignment Example Assessment of the firm’s mission for information systems management The mission for the firm’s information systems management is to support the teaching and administrative purposes of the university in an efficient way. Olsen offers a criterion for assessing the mission based on the perspective of an effective mission statement. One of the author’s offered based for analysis is the mission’s point of focus and he argues that a good and effective mission focuses on meeting customers’ needs instead of an organization’s interest in its products. Even though the university’s information systems management is framed to focus on a product, teaching and administration, these leads to a conducive and quality learning that meets the needs and expectations of students and other stakeholders in the education sector. Empowering teaching and administration of learning processes also identifies competence intent of the mission statement and hence it s quality. The mission also focuses on teaching staff and motivates them through support to their scope of work. Further, the mission is clear and can be understood from its simple phrase is achievable, â€Å"specific, short, sharply focused, and memorable† (Olsen, 2011, p. 94). These standards therefore qualify the mission statement. Assessment of the firm’s goals Analysis of the university’s information systems management goals also identifies effectiveness of the set goals towards meeting the department’s objectives. Based on the SMART features criteria for good goals, the goals should be â€Å"specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time oriented† (Cassidy and Kreitner, 2009, p. 69). The organizations goals are being at the start of the art in course delivery at a distance, providing 24x7 reliability in WebTycho, Desire2Learn, PeopleSoft and other essential UMUC information systems, and conserving State and student (ie, tuition) resourc es in accomplishing the foregoing. The goals are simple to understand because of their precise scopes and can be quantified for evaluation of success. Being at the start of art is measurable from comparison with competing institutions while the conservation goal can be determined from resource utility and sustainability. Analysis of the goals also identifies attainability under resource availability, relevance of the academic scope of the institution, and can be achieved in a set period. They are therefore good goals for pursuit (Cassidy and Kreitner, 2009). Importance of information systems management in the firm Information systems management plays a major role in meeting informational needs of stakeholders, mainly students, administration, and teachers. As an academic institution, the university supports students and teachers through availing required academic resources in technology based forms such as online library and inform the administration of efficiency with which the sta keholders’ needs are met and of needs for improvement of services that relates to information system (Asemi, Safari and Zavareh, 2011). The department, in its management capacity, offers leadership and liaison roles, monitor and evaluates processes, facilitates informed decisions in the institution through collection, analysis and dissemination of data (Bagad, 2009).

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system Essay

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system - Essay Example e American public to the existence of central bank resulted in the failure of two banks in 1811 (First Bank of United States) and 1836 (Second Bank of United States) (Mishkin & Eakins). Since the aim of establishing these two banks was to police the banking function, therefore, their failure caused problems for American financial markets because of the unavailability of lender of last resort. As a result bank panics were seen frequently during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, the panic of 1907 and the loss to depositors convinced the public regarding the importance of central bank system in an economy. Even after being convinced, the fear of the American public opposed the establishment of a centralized authority or central bank (Bank of England). Moreover, the fears were also seen about the interference of government in the affairs of private banks. The major disagreement was that whether central bank should be a private bank or a government body. Finally the disagreement ended with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 with its 12 regional Federal Reserve banks. Congress wrote the detailed system of checks and balances into this Act. To diffuse power along the regional lines, between government and private sector, business community and public, the formal structure of Federal Reserve System was defined. Following are the four entities of Federal Reserve System. In addition, more than 3000 commercial banks are the members of Federal Reserve System. Mishkin and Eakins (2007) systematically highlight the relationship between these entities and three policy tools of Fed. The current European Central Bank was founded as a result of a treaty between European Central Bank and European System of Central Banks in 1999. Based in Frankfurt, Germany, European Central Bank consists of Executive board including president, vice president and four members and Policy group including executive group and governors of central banks from 11 member countries. The

Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management Essay - 2

Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management - Essay Example The types of investment are real investment, fixed assets, or financial investments, basically agreement made on contracts such as securities, bonds among others. The purchase of financial investments leads to the purchase of real investments. Financial investments also give the buyer a realm into a look in real investments. Having a great financial investment requires the buyer and portfolio manager to have great investment philosophies.An investment philosophy is thinking about how markets work, varieties that affect stocks in the market and the varieties of assumptions that investors do make. Investment strategies are basically designed to make use of this mistakes that are made by investors to make a gain out of them. There are several factors that affect the investments assumptions made by investors. They include: Human behavioral traits, human beings do behave and coordinate different as nature has put it. But while this is so, most human beings have a tendency to believe in majority or crowds being right especially on decisions. Thus for every momentum investor, who tends to invest in places where he sees crowds investing owing to the believe that they could be right in the terms of gain being brought about by the investment, there tends to be another person who doesn’t believe in the same, contradictory. The contradict ends up investing in other securities rather than the common one. while this in the short run tends to be a total failure for the contradict in the long term the prices end to push and pull each other due to market factors and do variant in the long term bringing benefits to both. Markets efficiency is another factor to consider for a great investment policy. Markets are an organized system that collects buyers and sellers in one place for the exchange of goods and services. Securities are traded in various types of markets. Some do have a physical location while others do

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system Essay

Structure of central banks and the federal reserve system - Essay Example e American public to the existence of central bank resulted in the failure of two banks in 1811 (First Bank of United States) and 1836 (Second Bank of United States) (Mishkin & Eakins). Since the aim of establishing these two banks was to police the banking function, therefore, their failure caused problems for American financial markets because of the unavailability of lender of last resort. As a result bank panics were seen frequently during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, the panic of 1907 and the loss to depositors convinced the public regarding the importance of central bank system in an economy. Even after being convinced, the fear of the American public opposed the establishment of a centralized authority or central bank (Bank of England). Moreover, the fears were also seen about the interference of government in the affairs of private banks. The major disagreement was that whether central bank should be a private bank or a government body. Finally the disagreement ended with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 with its 12 regional Federal Reserve banks. Congress wrote the detailed system of checks and balances into this Act. To diffuse power along the regional lines, between government and private sector, business community and public, the formal structure of Federal Reserve System was defined. Following are the four entities of Federal Reserve System. In addition, more than 3000 commercial banks are the members of Federal Reserve System. Mishkin and Eakins (2007) systematically highlight the relationship between these entities and three policy tools of Fed. The current European Central Bank was founded as a result of a treaty between European Central Bank and European System of Central Banks in 1999. Based in Frankfurt, Germany, European Central Bank consists of Executive board including president, vice president and four members and Policy group including executive group and governors of central banks from 11 member countries. The

Marketing transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Marketing transportation - Essay Example However, cross-docking is even faster than this. Cross-docking is a process that receives a product and then ships it straightaway, without the need for storage. For space, even though things may look neat and tidy with a spacious design, it actually means that takes longer to retrieve and store items. The best scenario is to follow the example of PDI Logistics. This company maximized the use of space by providing very cramped aisles. Money was saved from using existing space available, and these savings were used to pay for specialized trucks to track and store goods. Because technology was utilized, labor costs subsequently went down. Warehousing security can be improved by carefully selecting security guards that have previous experience of the job. For facilities, a mix of fences and cameras should do the job. For processes, the handling process should be as quick and efficient as possible so that the chance for damaged goods is

The influence of Norman Conquest on Old English Essay Example for Free

The influence of Norman Conquest on Old English Essay The world of Old English Literature underwent a radical upheaval due to the invasion of the new French Language and culture which was an aftermath of the Norman conquest of 1066 which set into motion a very different trend of life and literature in the island of Brittany. The influence of the Norman culture, especially its literary aspect is immense. The debts of the vernacular literature of France penetrated very little into the English soil as the French were no apostles of culture. However, the Norman Conquest forced English into a subservient position from which it only gradually re-emerged as a language simplified in structure and its spelling, vocabulary and literary expression were strongly influenced by the arrival of the French language and culture. It has been very rightly put by Sampson that the asperities of the Northern Ocean and the Baltic were softened by the waters of the Mediterranean. The English had always been a poetic race and the Norman Conquest enhanced this trait by introducing the Romance Vocabulary which seeped into the English language and made it more beautiful and apt for poetry. An exclusive aristocratic taste for the forms, tropes, and subjects of contemporary French Literature shifted the subjects of writing in English away from its old Germanic insularity towards a broader, shared, Western European pattern. The warrior hero hung up his sword, took up a musical instrument and began to sing songs of love. The Trouveres of Northern France influenced War poetry, allegory became a popular sub generic form, and the lyric and the Romance which started being penned brought out the best of the French rhyme and assonance which became the new mode for expression of poetic ideas. In short, the Norman Conquest replaced the sinister and melancholic psycho sphere of English with the clear blue sky of the French counter-part, decked with glamour and vitality of youthful spring. The Norman Conquest opened England’s doors to Continental Literature and the Englishmen came in contact with the culture of Bagdad, Spain and they also became aware of the wisdom of the East which greatly strengthened the impetus of learning. Learning and Literature further gained by the coming of great scholars like Lanfranc who opened the famous monastic school at Bec and also by the interconnection between great centers of learning like Paris and Oxford. As a result of the Norman Conquest, Wessex lost its political and cultural importance because of which its dialect of West Saxon which had established its supremacy in the Anglo-Saxon Age lost its former stronghold which led to the flourishing of other Middle English dialects as the writers were now encouraged to write in the dia lects of their own region. The newfound political, economic and geographical importance of London and not Winchester as the administrative center of the kingdom also helped to determine the future written and spoken forms of the ‘standard English’ of today. However, with the growing prestige and popularity of French, the native culture and language had to suffer from aristocratic unconcern and neglect. This is noticeable in the fact that the alliterative verses of the Anglo-Saxon Age were replaced by the French rhymed verses, although they revived again later in the mid fourteenth century. The Norman Conquest stands for much more than a change of rulers. It altered the socio-cultural life of England and imparted a higher and more sophisticated and specialized order of civilization. The English language lost its rigid inflexions and was enhanced by ornamental vocabulary. The writers of English, at school under the new masters of the land were able to give fuller expression to their creative impulses. The stage was set for the full blossoming of the genius of Chaucer.

Biological And Psychological Theory Of Crime Criminology Essay

Biological And Psychological Theory Of Crime Criminology Essay In this paper I am going to discuss a biological and psychological theory of crime and to differentiate between the two perspectives, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this assignment is to critically assess the strengths and weakness of various criminological theories. Crime is a phenomenon of deviant behavior, representing a high risk to people, and therefore punishable by law. In modern society, crime is considered to be a socially dangerous act, prohibited by law under the threat of punishment. Crime is the most dangerous kind of a social pathology deviating from the norm, deviant behavior. Therefore, the main backbone elements of crime are personality traits of a potential criminal and the social conditions of life. Biological theory The first attempts to explain the term crime were of a biological character. Scientists have searched for natural causes due to the tendency of some people to crime. In 1870 an Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso concluded that some people were born with criminal tendencies. In his point of view, criminal types can be identified by their shape of skull. Lombroso did not deny the fact that society could influence on the development of criminal behavior, but believed that most perpetrators are biologically degenerative. Subsequently, the idea of a biological predisposition to crime has been subjected to criticism. In the second half of the XX century attempts were made to link the criminal tendencies of a certain set of chromosomes in the genetic code. In several studies conducted in prisons, medium security, the result was obtained, showing that such a deviation was one of hundreds of prisoners, compared with one person per thousand for the general population. However, it soon emerged among researchers surmise that this result is due to small sample sizes. Studies on larger tracts of the population showed that men with abnormal chromosome no more likely to commit violent acts than the usual set. Thus, the biological approach to the explanation of crime has failed. Lombroso saw in the offender characteristics of a primitive prehistoric man and animal and developed his concept of a born criminal that is the basis for biological theories of crime in criminology. Lombrosos concept of a born criminal has a thesis about natural character and eternal existence of crime in human society. According to this concept the type of criminal rights is characterized by certain stigmata (signs or marks, supposedly distinguish it from the type of a person impregnable). The basis of this classification served as his research of about 400 Italian criminals in prisons. Subsequently, through research it was found that the methods applied by Lombroso, were not adequate, and the study group was not representative. Lombroso compared his criminals with a mixed control group consisting of Italian soldiers. Finding in 43% of criminals more than five physical anomalies at each, Lombroso concluded that this confirms his hypothesis of the existence of a congenital criminal type, which is present a genetic shift to earlier forms of animal life. Classification of a born criminal is a significant part of the whole concept of Lombroso, clearly confirming the primitive simpl icity and at the same time, anti-humanism of this concept and its political reaction. In addition, Lombroso studied 79 teenagers at age of 12 years old, placed in a correctional home. They included 40 people who had committed theft, 27 vagrants and 7 of the killers. Its position regarding the causes of juvenile crime based on the results of his study Lombroso expressed in the following conclusion that the moral anomalies, which would create a reference to an adult crime, manifested in children in a much larger scale and with the same symptoms, especially due to hereditary reasons. In this respect, education can do nothing. It cannot change those who were born with perverted instincts. This statement fully reflects Lombrosos general methodological position about the presence of a special type such as a criminal person with the congenital criminal traits and innate propensity to commit crimes. The fact that the study of juvenile delinquency has become an integral part of the work, which was presented Lombrosos main theoretical concept once again confirms that it applies to juvenile delinquency all the main provisions of the concept. It is important to mention that British researchers have concluded that the differences between criminals and criminals are practically absent, and therefore such a phenomenon as a criminal type does not exist. Psychological theory Psychological theory of crime, as well as biological one, associates with criminal inclinations of a particular type of personality. In the XX century some psychologists, based on Sigmund Freuds ideas, have suggested that a small percentage of people develop immoral, or psychopathic personality. According to Freud, most of our moral values come from the self-restraint, which we are learnt from our early childhood. Due to the special nature of the relationship with parents, some children do not produce the similar self-restraint, and, accordingly, there is the lack of basic sense of morality. Psychopaths can be described as a closed people finding a big pleasure in violence. Psychological theory of crime has, in contrast to biological one, the rational core. However, they only can explain some aspects of crime. Although a small minority of criminals do have the personal characteristics that are different from the rest of the population, but such features have not all violators of the law. It is necessary to mention that Freud thought that any actions of people are rushing out unconscious instincts or inclinations. When the controlling volitional factor is not able to suppress the natural instinct there is a conflict, spilling into a crime. Other psychological theory states that the commission of crimes is a sign of mental illness or other psychopathological disorders. Bandura in his social learning theory admits that Learning would be exceedingly laboriousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Bandura, 1977). Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development, which replace one another in a strict sequence and are similar to the cognitive stages of Piaget. He stated that concern for others was not based on intrinsic respect or loyalty, but rather was based on you scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours mentality (Kohlberg, 1973). The transition from one stage to another occurs as a result of improving cognitive skills and the ability to empathize (empathy). Unlike Piaget, Kohlberg does not bind moral developments periods of the personality of a certain age. While most people reach for at least the third stage, some fo r life are morally immature. To sum up the above-stated information I want to admit that the causes of crime are analyzed by many sciences, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and even biologists. However, none of the existing theories provide an exhaustive explanation of all types of crime.

Rifle Poem :: Poetry Poems

Rifle There's a crack in the air, and I'm split by the sound the moment deadly still until it's broken by another crack. A long sinuous echo hangs in the air, so physical I might try to wave it away like smoke. Then a third and fourth crack, and I'm on my feet, even though shots aren't unheard of in hunting season, these rural woods overfull with deer. But instead of this, I think of the uneven unpolished grain in the stock of my first rifle, the weight of it on the shoulder, the trigger worn dull with use. That first sighting with the left eye looking out. wandering through the sights; the feel of the bolt in the hand as it snapped back, slid forward in its path and locked, readying the cartridge as it lifts into the chamber, secured, prepared. A second snap and it's released, out into the world where only a second before there was nothing, not even stillness. And then the flood of world returns.

Case Study of Indian Ocean Tsunami

Case Study of the Indian Ocean Tsunami On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, or the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, caused a tsunami that killed 230,000 people and was recorded as the deadliest tsunami in known history. The earthquake was recorded as between 9. 1 and 9. 3 on the Richter scale, the second largest earthquake ever recorded. It was also recorded as the longest one, triggering earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Following the disaster, a worldwide effort raised billions of dollars in tsunami relief. ConsequencesThe initial toll by the U. S. Geological Survey was 283,100 dead. However, actual figures counted 229,886. About one-third of the dead are children because they were least able to fight the waters. Additionally, nearly 9,000 foreign tourists were dead or missing. The disaster affected Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others in South East Asian. In some areas, drinking water supplies and farm fie lds are contaminated for the long term by the ocean's salt waters.The United Nations stated that the relief effort will be the costliest in history and reconstruction may take up to ten years. One of the biggest fears was the spread of diseases, which prompted non-governmental organizations and relief agencies to increase humanitarian aid. Furthermore, the economic impact is devastating on both the national and local levels. Costal fishing communities are some of the poorest in the region, and fishing exports account for substantial earnings of the countries. Nearly two-thirds of the fishing fleet and infrastructure were destroyed.The earthquake and ensuing tsunami changed the seabed in the Malacca Straits, and new navigational charts would have to be created. Additionally, tourism is greatly impacted as foreigners canceled their trips to South East Asian. The disaster also has a great environmental impact as it inflicted severe damage on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, f orests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. The spread of wastes and industrial chemicals further polluted waters and threaten ecosystems.The invading seawater also contaminated freshwater, destroying the critical environment habitable for coral reefs. Citizen Response The public was generous in donating to tsunami aid. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the public donated nearly US$600,000,000. Compared to the government, the donation was quite substantial, averaging around $10 per person, including the homeless and children. Government Response Governments and humanitarian organizations responded by providing sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to prevent a wave of diseases from increasing the death toll.The quick response mitigated and contained diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, and typhoid that could have inflicted even more damage. Also, there was a substantial movement to bury bodies to prevent the spread of disease. Globally, countries provided over US$3 billion in aid. The government of Australia pledged nearly US$820 million and the United States pledged $950 million. In the US, a joint effort by former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton led the effort to provide private aid to tsunami victims.The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 must go down in human history as one of our greatest ever disasters. A magnitude 9. 0 earthquake, the most powerful to hit anywhere in the last 40 years, created tidal waves in the Indian Ocean that killed at least 225,000 people in 11 countries. Sri Lanka was hit quite hard, with over 32,000 dead and approx. 5 percent of the population there left homeless. In Indonesia more than 150,000 were killed and over 12,000 lost their lives in India, most in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Thailand there were more than 5,000 deaths many of whom were foreign tourists.The devastation to services, property and buildings from the effects of the Tsunami was so immense that international appeals were launched for aid to the victims, of unprecedented proportions. The disaster spawned immediate and renewed scientific interest in Tsunamis from researchers all over the world. How Tsunamis are formed, where they may strike, their likelihood of occurrence of any significance, their characteristics and ways in which their potentially devastating effects may perhaps be mitigated, are questions that many researchers are seeking answers to.Whilst Tsunamis are not an entirely new phenomena, and a significant amount of scientific literature can be found that addresses many of these questions (Bryant, 2001), it is clear that much still needs to be done to gain a better understanding of Tsunami wave-structure interaction effects on buildings and building elements n a key issue with respect to structure integrity and survival against the effects of a Tsunami. Indian Ocean Tsunami (26th December 2004) The Indian Ocean tsunami (sometimes called the Boxing Day tsunami in the UK) was caused by a 9. 1 magnitude earthquake.The earthquake occurred under the Indian Ocean NW of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake was at a depth of 30km and caused a huge rupture that triggered waves of up to 30m in height. The giant tsunami affected many countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit was Indonesia, where up to 170,000 people were killed (exact figures are unknown because many bodies were never recovered). In total about 230,000 people are believed to have lost their lives, with a further 125,000 injured and over 1. 5 million displaced (again these figure vary because not all bodies were recovered or injured recorded).The tsunami killed locals and tourists alike, many tourists were killed because they were on beaches or in hotels near the beach. Many local who work in the tourism or fishing industry were also effected. In many fishing villages fatalities were actually higher amongst women, becaus e many men were at sea fishing (if you are out of sea, past where the sea bed shallows, tsunami actually appear as big ripples and will not destroy the boats). The Indian Ocean tsunami triggered one of the biggest humanitarian efforts of all time. Below is a summary of some of the different responses at different scales.

Woody Allen – Annie Hall

Changes Woody Allen’s Annie Hall is a film that depicts the life of a character named Alvy Singer, a comedian who always seems nervous, is full of self-loathing, doesn‘t have a positive perspective on life, had an unhappy childhood and has been divorced twice. He knows he has problems but can’t figure out how to solve them in a dignified way so uses sex as a substitute. By the end of the film however, he shows a significant change in his outlook on life, due mostly to his recent relationship with a woman named Annie Hall.They end their relationship but Alvy learns from it, makes changes in his life, and uses it as a stepping stone into his future. The first moment where he shows change is when he compliments Annie after her first performance at a night club. She thinks she did horribly so he gives her reasons why she wasn’t as bad as she thought which cheers her up. This signifies Alvy turning a bad situation into a good one and shows confidence for the fir st time. Another moment where he shows change is his meeting with Annie in Los Angeles after they have broken up for good.He does things that he is usually reluctant to do: leaving New York City, driving a car, and eating at a health food restaurant. Although it doesn’t end like he hoped, he accepts that they aren’t going to be together any longer and doesn‘t complain, which is his usual response. In addition, he shows growth when he writes a play about his relationship with Annie, which shows their last meeting in L. A. but with an alternate ending with them together; proving that the relationship affected him enough to analyze and critique it.He views the relationship as a learning experience and uses the play to articulate his experience in a productive way, something he hasn’t done yet. Lastly, the ending of the film shows the most significant change from Alvy. He meets with Annie and seems genuinely happy to spend time with her and says he’s gl ad that he got to know her, contrary to his prior notion to have sex to solve his problems. Alvy’s first noticeable change occurs after Annie’s audition at the club.It’s her first time and she thinks that her performance was awful because the audience wasn’t paying attention and there were distractions such as microphone feedback, dropping glass, and a ringing phone. After her performance, they’re walking down the street and he cheers her up by telling her that the crowd was â€Å"a tad restless† and that she has a â€Å"wonderful voice† (42). He usually saw things in a negative light before this moment and this was the first time in the film where he turned a bad situation into a better one.This helped Annie continue her singing and she improved later because of Alvy and opened new doors for her, thanks to Alvy’s persuasion and change of view. He saw the possible relationship between them as something worthwhile and it ultimat ely led up to his transformation at the end of the movie. He makes her feel better–confident enough to brag, â€Å"Yeah, you know something? I never even took a lesson, either† (42). She accepts his support and Alvy realizes he would need to support her through rough times to keep the relationship rolling.And it meant that he would have to adjust his views and habits to keep her happy. They both changed a little in this scene with both of them being more positive toward bleak situations and Alvy bringing benefits out of this situation. After this, he convinces her to kiss him saying that it will â€Å"digest their food better† (43). Maybe he said this joke just to have sex with Annie (which he does in a few scenes) and wouldn’t be much of a change. But he wanted to be in a long term relationship because he told Annie that he wouldn’t let her quit singing.He foresaw that he could help her become a better person and maybe figure himself out along the way, reiterating that he was aware of his problems and wanted to change his ways. After they break up and Annie moves to Los Angeles, Alvy takes the initiative for the first time and flies to L. A. from New York City to try and convince her to marry him. He rents a car to see her and when he tells her this on the phone, she seems surprised causing Alvy to say â€Å"What-why is that such a miracle? † (97).He isn’t fond of California and despises driving so it’s obvious that he wants to be with Annie because he’s doing things he that he usually doesn’t and tries new things to get what he wants. Even Annie notices the change because she knows that Alvy doesn’t like driving. He fights to get back with Annie, a noteworthy change for a man who has been divorced twice and uses sex to relieve his problems. When Alvy arrives at a health food restaurant, he tells the waitress â€Å"I’m gonna . . . I’m gonna have the alfalfa sprouts and , uh, a plate of mashed yeast† (97). It’s a very dd combination, but his choice proves that he was willing to try new things to be with Annie. He figures that he has to make adjustments in his own life in order to better suit Annie’s way of life. But they immediately start bickering with Annie vehemently saying â€Å"Alvy, you’re incapable of enjoying life, you know that? I mean your life is New York City. You’re just this person. You’re like this island unto yourself† (98). Alvy then stutters on but doesn’t say anything coherent, her words hitting him like two tons of bricks, knowing that what she said was true.He knows that his problems are unlike other people’s. He knows that he has to change his negative perspective on life if he ever wants to be with Annie or get into any other meaningful relationship. He knows that no one knows him like Annie. So he accepts her criticism for the first time and takes her words into c onsideration. He realizes he would have to stop living â€Å"self-consciously in his own world of illusion† (Conard 109). The play Alvy is directing about his rendezvous with Annie in Los Angeles indicates that he used their relationship to his advantage and now understands himself better.He writes what really happens until he makes his character say â€Å"Okay, if that’s all that we’ve been through together means to you, I guess it’s better if we just said goodbye, once and for all! † (102). Although it may seem immature of him to change the ending to end on his own terms, it proves that he knew that he could’ve acted better instead of arguing with Annie the entire time. That moment was monumental in his transformation and is still working it out in his head. He also changed the last scene to end in his favor with Annie saying â€Å"Wait! I’m-I’m gonna . . go with you† and â€Å"I love you†(102). This shows growt h in Alvy because he is expressing his heartbreak in a healthy manner instead of feeling sorry for himself. Also, changing the ending suggests that he knows he can control his life now that he has a better perspective on it. In reality though, she told Alvy that she didn’t love him so he makes her say it to envision how he would have liked it to end, on his own terms and with his own decisions. After this scene he looks at the audience and says â€Å" Tsch, whatta you want? It was my first play.You know, you know how you’re always tryin’ t’ get things to come out perfect in art because, uh, it’s real difficult in life† (102). He knows that he’s changed but still has some work to do in order to get the ending he wants. His life isn’t perfect and uses the play to figure himself out and is still using that relationship to become a better person. He’s now able to reflect on his mistakes and turn them around to work for him. The final part of Alvy’s transformation is shown when he runs into Annie in New York and they go out for lunch.After lunch, they â€Å"shake hands and kiss each other friendly like† (105). Their prior encounter ended in disarray and she wouldn’t have kissed him if she didn’t have a good time this time around. It can be interpreted that Alvy has changed for the better and Annie has noticed this change, causing the friendly kiss. He then exclaims â€Å"I realized what a terrific person she was and-and how much fun it was just knowing her† (105). She was the first woman that he came across that he actually appreciated rather than use for sex.He’s glad that he got to know her because she helped him change his perspective on relationships from lust and sex to just having a partner who can make him better himself. It’s clear that he views relationships differently when he tells his last joke, this guy goes to a psychiatrist and says ‘ Doc, uh, my brother’s crazy. He thinks he’s a chicken. ’ And, uh, the doctor says, ‘Well, why don’t you turn him in? ’ And the guy says, ‘I would, but I need the eggs. ’ Well, I guess that’s pretty much how I feel about relationships. You know, they’re totally irrational and crazy and absurd and . . but, uh, I guess we keep goin’ through it because, uh, most of us need the eggs. (105) He realizes that we all go through the tribulations of relationships because of what lies at the end of the road. It may be positive or negative and in Alvy’s case, it turned out that it made him a better person. He now knows how to handle a relationship and knows that it’s not all about him. After dealing with his problems, he learns that the aftermath can benefit him. Annie Hall may be a romantic comedy, but we can use it to help ourselves.According to Michael Castrignano’s biography on Allen, he was divor ced twice before the release of this movie, similar to Alvy. Alvy used to be a negative person who didn’t want to solve his problems but after a bad situation, turned his life around. He learned how to turn a negative into a positive, that he has to take the initiative, how to express himself instead of feeling sorry, and that relationships can’t be all about sex. Perhaps Allen used Alvy to help himself and we in turn can use Alvy as an example on how to deal with our problems.We may not necessarily have the same types of problems but we can make turn a negative into a positive. He reflected on the whole situation and used it to change his views on life. We all go through bad times but if we change our perspectives on certain things, we can usually benefit from it. Works Cited Castrignano, Michael. â€Å"Biography for Woody Allen. † IMDb. 2010. 25 March 2010 Conard, Mark T. , ed. , and Aeon J. Skoble, ed. Woody Allen and Philosophy: You Mean My Whole Fallacy is Wrong? Peru: Open Court, 2004. Four Films of Woody Allen. New York: Random House, 1982.

Regina Case

Regina Company Inc. was known as a complacent slow-growth company and was dominated by Hoover and Eureka within the floorcare industry. Donald Sheelen was a promising young individual when he was hired first as the head of the marketing division in Regina, and then became its president. Shortly after becoming company president, Sheelen set out to make Regina the industry’s number one company and repeatedly vowed to â€Å"bomb† Hoover, the number one firm in the industry at the time. Sheelen expanded Regina’s product line and started an aggressive advertisement campaign to promote Regina’s products over Hoover’s. His strategy paid off, as Regina’s profits grew substantially, and after Regina went public, its stock price soared by nearly 500 percent, making Sheelen and the company’s other principal stockholders millionaires many times over. However, it turned out that the impressive financial figures released by Regina after it went public were fabricated by Sheelen. Instead of a growth company with bright prospects, Regina was a dying company mired in mounting losses. † The major reason behind Regina’s financial difficulties was the poor quality of its new products, which resulted in a reported 50 percent customer return rates. After realizing that Regina was in a deep trouble, Sheelen, with the help of Regina CFO Vincent Golden, came up with several illicit accounting schemes to keep the company’s stock pric es at a high level. In addition to significantly understating customer product returns and company’s cost of goods, they recorded bogus sales to inflate sales revenues, and implemented a so-called â€Å"ship-in-place† booking scheme. After realizing that he could no longer conceal the company’s deteriorating condition, Sheelen decided to let the public know of the company’s dire financial condition. Although Sheelen and Golden initially blamed the computer system for errors, they later pleaded guilty to federal mail and security fraud charges in 1989. Sheelen served 1 year in prison in a halfway house, and paid a mere $25,000 in fines. One of the charges was that Sheelen and Golden had repeatedly and intentionally misled the company’s audit firm, Peat Marwick. In a sharp contrast to the Mattel case, SEC did not fault Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the massive fraud by Sheelen and Golden, although several articles in financial press did criticize the audit firm. It is interesting that while SEC heavily criticized Arthur Andersen for failing to uncover Mattel’s fraudulent activities, there was not apparently a similar scrutiny of Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina. Based on this article, it seems that Peat Marwick simply trusted Golden’s assurance that no fraudulent transactions had been recorded in Regina’s accounting records, and that Peat Marwick was therefore not to be blamed for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina’s financials. Given that the fraud schemes in both Mattel and Regina were of very similar nature, one wonders why Peat Marwick was not scrutinized to the same degree as Arthur Andersen. There is definitely more to this story than what is told in this article.

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 Essay

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 - Essay Example Identity is another issue in settler societies. Louis Hartz, in his seminal work, "The Founding of New Societies" (1964:11-13, 53-4)1, observed that identity formation by European settlers in a new land is a complex process. Changes in Europe and the presence of 'native' peoples in the new land make it difficult to maintain identification with the old country. The 'racial element' becomes an integral part of settler consciousness and national identity in a way that does not occur in Europe. Colonial presence became established first, in the West African Settlements (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast etc.). It brought, as a by-product, Christian missionaries (White and Black!) and Enlightenment ideas of freedom and self-determination to Africa. However, it also brought the idea of the "Other" with it and dispossessed the Africans from their sense of the "Self". Edward Said in his "Orientalism" (1984) focused on the idea of discourse. He categorically explained the discursive practices of the "West" since the beginning of the Renaissance and their "Humanist" attempts to situate themselves into a historically, anthropologically, socially, psychologically and economically dominant and "subject" position that would forever dispossess the native "orient" being from their own history and claim to history within the Western canon. Not only that Fanon in his "Black Skin White Masks"2, talks about the psychological dislocation of the native due to the complete eradication of African iden tity from educated native. Incase of the masses the dislocation was physical - through the dislocation of their lands. Thus, anthropologists such as Madison Grant or Alexis Carrel built their pseudo-scientific racism, inspired by Gobineau's "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-55). This ruse of superiority was used from the nineteenth century onwards, to begin the 'civilizing mission' which legitimated imperial conquest and control brought to the fore the issue of 'native policy'. The 'white man's burden' meant that, in imperialist theory and to some extent in practice, 'native policy' involved the role of the Colonial Office as guardian of 'racial' minorities and 'backward' peoples. In the mixed colonies, however, it continued to mean principally the legalized theft of 'native' land and the use of 'natives' as a source of cheap labor. Settler societies were therefore quick to seek political autonomy in order to deal with the 'natives' in their own way and acquire w hat territory they wanted. Hence, the nineteenth century saw a further divergence between colonial and imperial ideology. Two contradictory sets of principles were on a collision course within the settlements: the concept of trusteeship within the imperial philosophy of a non-racial empire, and the settlers' determination to create a 'White Man's Country' (Huttenback 1976:21)3. After the 'scramble for Africa' in the 1880s, there was a brief age of self-conscious imperialism when the British empire was vaunted as the strongest, largest and most benign the world had ever seen, and flags and banners became sacred symbols of the nation. However, this could not hide the savagery of the war that was being used as an appropriate civilizing mission. In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1800s, the Zulu chief Shaka fought to win more land. Meanwhile, the British won control of the Dutch colony on the

The European Commissions Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Commissions Proposal - Essay Example To alleviate the danger of any impending conflict of interest owing to an acquaintance risk, the European Commission in its report has proposed that all publicly listed companies will have to obligatorily alter their auditor after each six years in case they had employed one auditor to execute the audit process, and after each nine years when two auditors were employed to perform the audit (Berger, 2012).This proposed reform is said to have a number of advantages in context of dealing with issues like conflict of interest and in so doing enhancing the quality of audit. The major advantage expected from this reform is the reinforcement of professional skepticism. In cases where the auditors have a long standing association with the company, it is likely that there would be dilution of professional skepticism. In view of the close relationship with their clients, auditors might develop a tendency to overlook areas of concern owing to their depending association with the management, whi ch might hamper the actual independence of the auditors. Various researches have opined that the major rationale for the detrimental audit quality comprise of the personal long term association amid the company’s management and the auditor, the amalgamation of consulting as well as auditing services, in addition to the auditor’s objective of preserving the assignment (Myers, Myers & Omer, 2003). The mandatory rotation of audit would elevate the fear of public exposure in case of any discrepancy. and hence the quality of audit would consequently improve. Another potential advantage of the obligatory audit rotation is that the clashing dissimilarities of judgment amid management and the auditor are not hazardous to the auditor if a rotation is planned in the coming future anyway. Reviews have confirmed the widespread expectation that consequent to this new reform

Halal Food Consumption in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Halal Food Consumption in Thailand - Essay Example It is very crucial to study customer behavior and models that can predict customer behavior so as to somehow test their validity while understanding the pattern of Halal food consumption, particularly in Thailand. Thailand which is home to Buddhist people is of interest in this study considering that the country is a major exporter of Halal food across the world. Thus, it is of interest to study customer behavior and some factors that relate to the prediction of consumption of Halal food among the people in Thailand. Religious influence is known to affect human behavior and studies focusing on its influence on consumer behavior have also been illustrated. It is noted that religion which is a subset component of culture, has the direct and indirect influence on people’s consumption behavior. All world religions have rules governing food choices that are used in daily life including but not limited to special ceremonies, sacred rituals, and cultural practices or traditions. It can be understood that people make a decision on food choices (consumer behavior) according to the taboos and obligations of the society’s religion. In Muslim population, for example, Halal (permitted) food products are widely accepted because they are considered to be natural, safer, and healthier since they have been prepared according to Islamic law and rites. Research studies indicate that consumer behavior can be understood by studying on consumer’s aspect that affects consumer choices. This has been found to be affected by factors such as cultural influence, psychological, physiological, and social and lifestyle factors. In other words, these factors can be significant predictors of Halal food consumption among Muslim people. However, it is also of great concern and interest to find out who are the significant other consumers of Halal food knowing that its industry is growing worldwide. This idea brings forward to investigating, in general, the intention of Halal food consumption.

Urbanism in archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urbanism in archaeology - Essay Example Urbanism means the way of development, shaping and modification of the built environment found in the towns and cities. It is not the planning of town as is usually understood by some people.It explains the way communities came into being in cities, and how they interacted with one another to give rise to the social systems. The concept of the contemporary world is totally incomplete without cities. According to an estimate, population of people that live in cities exceeds half of the total, and in the upcoming century, it is quite likely to approach two-thirds (Marcus and Sabloff 3). Cities used to be non-existent in the past. This has stirred up a lot of debate regarding the factors that have caused cities to form. Some scholars think that old scattered populations nucleated to create the cities while others believe in the role of several other factors. An in-depth analysis of the literature relevant to ancient cities is a potential means of identification of the factors that gave rise to urbanism. â€Å"These diverse settlements not only have much to tell us about the social, political, religious, and economic conditions of their times but also say something about our own† (Marcus and Sabloff 3). The division of class played an important role in maintaining the balance of social systems in cities and their civilization. Mesopotamian civilization is generally recognized as the first civilization (â€Å"The Birth of Civilization† 8). The modern Baghdad can be divided into two zones of ecology, namely the northern zone and the southern zone. Sumerians founded many of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium B.C.E. in Sumer that forms the southern Babylonia. Uruk was the a city in Sumer that was world’s largest city in 3000 B.C.E. However, many cities existed in Sumer before that. In the Early Dynastic Period that mainly ranged from 2800 B.C.E. to 2370 B.C.E., a lot of Sumerian cities were aligned north to south of Mesopotamia aside the watercourses (â€Å"The Birth of Civilization† 8). These cities included but were not limited to Ur, Lagash, Uruk, Shuruppak and Nippur. Many of these city-states had developed leagues of religious and political importance. These city-states quarreled with one another over possession of more resources and land for irrigation and agriculture. With the passage of time, stronger leagues gained hold of the weaker, and gradually increased enough to develop whole kingdoms which would in turn, rule many city-states. Ten major criteria of difference between the earliest and modern villages can be drawn from the archaeological data, which can be summarized as follows: Although most of the first cities are smaller than contemporary villages, they used to be considerably densely populated and voluminous as compared to the settlements that preceded them. The ancient urban population differed in function from a village. Most of the people living in cities were peasants, and wou ld cultivate crops in the lands aside the cities. People who had other professions and lived in cities like merchants, priests and craftsmen used to acquire food from the surplus prepared by the peasants as a support. The peasants did not take any service or goods from them for offering them the fish or grains they collected. The primary producers were obliged to reserve a portion of the surplus for a divine king as tax. This was extremely necessary in order to generate capital. Monumental structures not only signified the concentration of the surplus of the society, but also distinguished cities from villages. A lot of temples were constructed in the Sumerian cities. However, many magazines and workshops were attached to them. Each temple had a big granary. Many examples of this trend can be noticed. The grand tombs of pharaohs dominated the Nile Valley. Likewise, the pyramids and temples of the Maya cities are quite well known. Therefore, it can be said that the social surplus in Sumer was

Global Fashion insights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Fashion insights - Essay Example The essay "Global Fashion insights" analyzes the fashion insights. Included also in the visual display are the different roles that each group member plays in the general success of the project in this fashion design class. The visual display also details the design of the project including recommendations and future improvements that are t be adjusted. An all dying process is included in the visual display that will be presented o the viewer on this trade fair show. The process of sewing together the different elements of the project are also included in the visual display. For our project, our group was also going to need a table for the purposes of setting up the stage for presentation. I detailed the design of the table in the visual display of the company. Last but not least, in included he names of the various sources of help that our group sort after. Parody is a local company that is composed of a team of students with the aim of providing tank tops to the various customers h at are in need f t. To enhance the group’s work, in set up a video to display the various elements that are indeed critical to the success of this project in the trade show. Visual display of this product is critical to the success of this project since it makes it easier to explain and distribute the video material to a wider audience. This visual display begins y detailing the name of or group members, the name of the project, he purpose of the project, the target group for our project, the source of raw materials for our project.

Aspects Of Contract Essay Example for Free

Aspects Of Contract Essay Task: 1.1: Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the information of a valid contract? Offer A valid offer identifies the bargained-for exchange between the parties and creates a power of acceptance in the party to whom the offer is made. The communication by one party known as the offeror to the another party called the offeree b) Acceptance To constitute a contract, there must be an acceptance of the offer as noted above. Until the offer is accepted, both parties have not assented to the terms and, therefore, there is no mutual assent. Offeree in a manner invited or required by the offer. Whether an offer has been accepted is a question of fact. The effect of acceptance is to convert the offer into a binding contract. To form a contract it is necessary that there is a party capable of contracting and a party capable of being contracted with on the other side. In other words, to enter into a valid, legal agreement, the parties must have the capacity to do so. Consideration No contract will exist without sufficient consideration due to agreement with the other two party has agree with the term and condition as well. Mutual Assent There must be mutual assent or a meeting of the minds on all negotiated terms between the parties and on all the essential elements in terms of the contract to form a binding contract. Intention to create legal relation In some jurisdictions, the parties must also have a present intent to be bound by their agreements. It is not necessary that the assent of both parties be given at the same time. Also, it is not necessary that communication of the assent be simultaneous. Task 1.2: Discuss the impact of different types of contract? A bilateral contract is an agreement between at least two people or groups. A bilateral contract is enforceable from the get-go; both parties are bound the promise. For example, one person agrees to wash the other’s car in return for having his/her lawn mowed. Acceptance of the offer must be communicated for an agreement to be established. A unilateral contract is one where a party promises to perform some action in return for a specific act by another party, although that other party is not promising to take any action. Acceptance may take effect through conduct and need not be communicated Task 1.3: Analyse terms in contracts with reference to their meaning and effect? Terms of contract set out duties of each party under that agreement. Generally, the terms of a contract may be either: Wholly oral, wholly written and partly oral and partly written. Terms are to be distinguished from statements made prior to the contract being made. Express terms When a contract is put down in writing, any statement appearing in that written agreement will usually be regarded as a term, and any prior oral statement that is not repeated in the written agreement will usually be regarded as a representation, due to the assumption Implied term These are terms that courts assume both parties would have intended to include in the contract had they thought about the issue. They are implied on a â€Å"one-off† basis. Two overlapping tests have been trade used to ascertain parties’ intention. Business efficacy test: terms must be implied to make contract work. There are terms which the law will require to be present in certain types of contracts (i.e. not just on â€Å"one-off† basis and sometimes irrespective of the wishes of the parties). Task 2.1: Apply the elements of contract in given business scenarios? Offer can be seen from the case when Tam’s college offers admission to it student who under take s the vocational qualification. Acceptance can also be seen from the student when they agree to bound by the school regulations. Consideration is when the student promise to act in certain way. This is particularly important where the agreement involves a promise to act in a particular way in the future. Task 2.2: Apply the on terms in different contracts? Conditions These are the most important terms of contract. Serious consequences if breeched. Innocent party can treat contract as repudiated (and thus is freed from rendering further performance of contract) and can sue for damages. Description in contract of term as â€Å"condition† is not necessarily determinative of question whether term is condition. Courts tend to search for evidence that parties really intended term to be such. Task 2.3: Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contract? Conditions are so important that without them one or other of the parties would not enter into the contract. Consequently, to make a condition  falsely, or to breach a condition, is viewed so seriously that the wronged party will be entitled to treat the contract as void, voidable or at least rescinded. Where the term is a warranty, the wronged party will only be able to seek monetary damages for any loss suffered. Task 3.1: Contract liability in tort with contractual liability? The non-breaching party has a duty to mitigate damages. If it does not do so, its damages will be reduced by the amount that might have been avoided by mitigation. In employment contracts, the employee is under a duty to use reasonable diligence to find a like position. Liquidated Damages A liquidated damages provision will be valid if (i) damages (ii) the amount agreed upon was a reasonable forecast of compensatory damages. If these requirements are met, the plaintiff will receive the liquidated damages amount even though no actual money damages have been suffered. If the liquidated damages amount is unreasonable, the courts will construe this as a penalty and will not enforce the provision. Task 3.2: Explain the nature of liability in negligence? The primary function of the Law of Torts is to provide remedies to claimants who have suffered harm, loss, or an infringement of rights. The harm includes physical injury to persons or property, damage to persons’ reputations or financial interests, and interference with persons’ use and enjoyment of their land. However, just suffering such a loss does not necessarily mean the law will provide a remedy; a claimant must show that the person committing the tort owed them a duty of care and that the tort caused the loss. Task 3.3: Explain how a business can be vicariously liable? The company is liable when the manager is under the control of the employer that the employer tell the employee how to the work and when to the work. the work that the employee does forms part of the general business of the organisation. There is a contract of service between the organisation and the employee. Daniels v Whetstone Entertainments Ltd [1962] A nightclub bouncer forcibly ejected Mr Daniels from the premises following a disturbance. Once outside, the bouncer assaulted him. Task 4.1: Apply the element of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations? Negligence is an important tort that covers a wide range of situations where persons negligently cause harm to others. In order to succeed in an action for negligence, it is necessary for a claimant to establish the following three elements: 1. The defendant owed the claimant a duty of care. 2. The defendant breached that duty of care. 3. Reasonably foreseeable damage was caused by the breach of duty. Task 4.2: Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations? Employers are vicariously liable for Employee acts authorized by the employer Unauthorized acts so connected with authorized acts that they may be regarded as modes (albeit improper modes) of doing an authorized act. There is normally rarely an issue as to whether a given act falls within the first category The difficult cases involve assessing the connection between the act and the employee’s employment. Bazley established that the connection between the employment and the tort contemplated in the second branch of the Salmond test had itself to be addressed in two steps: The Court must first examine â€Å"whether there are precedents which unambiguously determine on which side of the line between vicarious liability and no liability the case falls.† If the prior case law does not clearly suggest a solution, then the Court is to resolve the question of vicarious liability based on a policy analysis directed at ascertaining whether the employer’s conduct created or enhanced the risk that the tort would occur. Task 4.3: Discuss three methods you can use to apply elements of tort properly in a work a place? CONTROL One of the traditional explanations of vicarious liability is that the employer should be vicariously liable since the employer controls the activities of her employees. The relationship between the parties As duties in tort are fixed by law, the parties may well have had no contact before the tort is committed. Unliquidated damages The aim of tort damages is to restore the claimant, in so far as money can do so, to his or her pre-incident position, and this purpose underlies the assessment of damages. Tort compensates both for tangible losses and for factors which are enormously difficult to quantify, such as loss of amenity and pain and suffering, nervous shock, and other intangible losses.. LIST REFERENCE Atiyah P S — Introduction to the Law of Contract (Clarendon Press, June 1995) ISBN: Beale/Bishop and Furmston — Contract — Cases and Materials (Butterworth, October 2001) Cheshire/Fifoot and Furmston — Law of Contract (Butterworth, October 2001) ISBN: Cooke J — Law of Tort (Prentice Hall, May 1997) ISBN: 0273627104